镁合金在笔记本电脑外壳材料替代中的环境协调性评价

本文应用生命周期评价，（life cycle assessment，LCA）方法，对镁合金以及塑料这两种笔记本电脑外壳进行了初步评价和比较，结果表明镁舍金能源消耗、温室效应方面为塑料的556．31％、383．30%。但在材料的性能、资源消耗、酸化效应、生态毒理、材料的再生性等方面明显优于塑料。     

模拟车用工况下5kW燃料电池尾气净化系统

模拟了车用工况下燃料电池发动机脉冲式排氢的特点,设计开发了一套质子交换膜燃料电池的尾气净化系统,并以5 kW燃料电池的尾气排放为例,研究其净化效果。研究了电池阳极排放氢气缓冲前后尾气中氢气浓度的变化,以及不同空速条件下氢气的去除效果。结果表明：电堆阳极排放氢气经过缓冲处理后,尾气中氢气浓度趋于平稳,大部分工况下处在2%以下,达到了安全处理的要求;尾气中氢气的去除效果与空速密切相关。对自制的整体式催化剂而言,当空速低于20000 h^-1时,氢气的去除率能达到约95%,而当空速达到39270 h^-1时,氢气的去除率仅为10.9%。鉴于这一问题,提出通过采用尾排空气的分流手段调整催化燃烧反应器对空速的要求,以提高尾气中氢气的去除率。     

河口近岸水体中颗粒态重金属的潮周期变化

对长江口崇明东滩近岸水体中颗粒态重金属的潮周期变化特征及其影响机制进行了研究.结果表明,受粒度影响,底层水体中颗粒态Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr、Al的总量分别高出表层沉积物的184%、99%、56%、62%、147%、50%和45%,其中Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Al可还原态部分在底层水体悬浮颗粒物中的含量也明显高出表层沉积物的2～3倍,但与重金属总量相比,上述元素的可还原态部分所占比例与表层沉积物相差不大.在5次潮汐循环过程中,颗粒态重金属均在涨潮初期、高平潮前后及落潮末期出现较高含量.这种变化主要与水动力条件有关,当水体流速增大时,从底部沉积物再悬浮起来的颗粒态重金属对水体中的永久性悬浮颗粒起了很大的稀释效应.水体中的盐度、DO及pH等环境因子对潮周期内颗粒态重金属的变化影响不大.     

栅藻对金属离子的异质敏感性与其细胞周期的关系

研究同一种群中不同状态的藻细胞对毒物的应答对理解生物体敏感性以及毒物的致毒机理十分重要.应用流式细胞技术研究了栅藻对重金属元素(Cd²⁺和Ni²⁺)的敏感性.将同一种群的栅藻细胞按其体积大小(FSC参数)分为不同组分,在暴露于毒物后分析不同组分细胞的酯酶活性.结果显示随着细胞体积的增加,其对2种金属离子的抗性逐渐增强.在分析各组分细胞的DNA量时发现栅藻的细胞大小与其所处的细胞周期具有一定关系:随着体积的增大,栅藻细胞逐渐从G₁期进入G₂/M期,其中,G₂/M期的藻细胞对金属离子具有较强的抗性.进一步表明处于不同的细胞周期可能是决定同一种群中栅藻细胞对金属离子具有不同敏感性的重要原因.     

苏州垃圾填埋生命周期清单分析

采用理论计算和实测相结合的方法,求得了苏州七子山垃圾填埋埋场的生命周期清单。实践证明,理论计算和实测相结合是清单分析的有效方法,对今后的同类研究具有参考意义。研究中获得的清单包括生活垃圾的收集和运输、垃圾填埋的物耗和能耗,以及每吨填埋垃圾所排放的大气和水污染物的量,并考察了填埋气用于发电后对清单的影响。这些结果可以为众多的产品生命周期评价提供数据支持。     

浅谈再生资源产业发展

随着改革开放进一步扩大和经济建设的持续快速发展,我国再生资源回收利用事业得到了较快发展。但是,再生资源产业存在着市场混乱、法律政策不完善及综合利用水平低等问题。通过对我国再生资源现状分析对我国再生资源产业发展作了展望。     

吉州生态工业园规划建设探讨

吉州工业园率先在江西省进行了生态工业园规划建设试点。文章介绍了吉州生态工业园规划建设的指导思想与原则,从5个核心系统和三大循环系统阐述了吉州生态工业园规划建设的总体框架,并提出了电子信息产业、机械加工产业、造纸化工产业、食品加工产业4个主导产业的工业生态系统规划,同时提出了吉州生态工业园近期建设的补链项目,预测分析吉州生态工业园近期建设的经济效益、环境效益、社会效益进行。     

基于生命周期的循环农业系统评价

针对"循环经济系统是低碳经济的实现途径之一"的观点,在国内外研究的基础上,改进LCA模型,以湖南某典型的循环鸭业产业进行实证研究.整个鸭产业生命周期中耗用的不可再生资源、土地、水资源分别为48.629MJ、2.36m2和1321.41kg,潜在的温室气体、环境酸化、富营养化、人体毒性、水体毒性、土壤毒性分别为11543.26g(CO2eq)、52.36g(SO2eq)、25.83g(PO4eq)、1.26、60.74、24.65g(1,4-DCBeq),加权评估后,富营养化、水体毒性、土壤毒性潜在威胁均高于温室气体.结果表明,建立在传统生产模式上的循环农业适宜"适度循环";循环农业不能盲目追求低碳发展,在降低碳排放的同时还须考虑土壤和生物固碳,才能全面评价碳排放问题;循环经济和循环农业在评估碳排放的同时,还需对环境酸化、富营养化、生态毒性等其他生态指标进行评估,建立系统评价体系;LCA能够较好地对循环农业进行整体评价,值得进一步研究.     

An environmental impact assessment of quantum dot photovoltaics (QDPV) from raw material acquisition through use

Some emerging technologies are expected to be pivotal for solving many of the environmental challenges faced today, especially those related to energy. However, many of these technologies may incur significant environmental impacts over their life cycle, while having environmental benefits during their use. This paper presents results of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a proposed type of nanophotovoltaic, quantum dot photovoltaic (QDPV) module. The LCA is confined to the stages of raw materials acquisition, manufacturing, and use. The impacts of QDPV are compared with other types of PV modules and energy sources - both renewable and nonrenewable. To provide a comprehensive comparative assessment, QDPV modules were compared with mature as well as emerging PV types for which data are available. Comparative assessment with other types of energy sources includes coal, oil, lignite, natural gas, diesel, nuclear, wind, and hydropower.QDPV modules may have the potential to overcome two current barriers of solar technology: low efficiencies and high manufacturing costs. If higher efficiencies are realized, QDPV modules could pave the way to large scale implementation of solar energy, helping nations move toward greater energy independence. On the other hand, candidate materials as quantum dots for solar cell applications are mostly compound semiconductors such as cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, and lead sulfide which may be toxic and for which renewable options are limited. Toxic effects of these materials may be exacerbated by their nanoscale features.The LCA was carried out using the software SimaPro, and the Ecoinvent Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database supplemented with available literature and patent information. Our results indicate that while QDPV modules have shorter Energy PayBack Time (EPBT), lower Global Warming Potential (GWP), SO_x and NO_x emissions than other types of PV modules, they have higher heavy metal emissions, underscoring the need for investigation of emerging technologies, especially nano-based ones, from a life cycle perspective. QDPV modules are better in all impact categories assessed than carbon-based energy sources but they have longer EPBT than wind and hydropower and higher GWP.     

Sustainability issues in sheet metal forming processes: an overview

Environmental sustainability in manufacturing is nowadays an urgent and remarkable issue and the main concerns are related to more efficient use of materials and energy.In sheet metal forming processes there is still a lack of knowledge in this field mainly due to the need of a proper modelling of sustainability issues and factors to be taken into account. The aim of this paper is mainly to underline the state of the art from a forming point of view about the sustainability contributions offered in any phase of a product life cycle. Actually, a lack in terms of comprehensive contributions is present in the technical literature, thus, the authors try to give a sort of holistic vision aimed to provide basic guidelines in order to help in identifying the possible solutions with regard to all the phases of a forming product life cycle. The main attention was paid to sheet metal forming technologies. The paper gives an overview of the main topics concerning sheet metal forming problems related to energy and resource efficiency with the aim to stress the principal contributions which may derive from such processes to environmental performances of manufacturing.